The Tragedy at Acton Township
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| The memorial at the site of the Jones homestead. |
What was Minnesota like in August of 1862?
In 1862 the Civil War consumed the attention of most Americans. Minnesota had only been a state for a few years. In order to attract settlers and free up farm land, the government had made a deal with the Dakota Indians who occupied Minnesota. Europeans first met the Dakota in the 1650’s. Seven major tribal groups existed in Minnesota; the Sisseton, the Yankton, the Tetons, the Yantonais, the Mdewakanton, the Wahpeton, and the Wahpekute. The Mdewakanton occupied the Mississippi River Valley and traded with the Europeans. By 1820 the game herds on the Minnesota prairie were becoming depleted. The eastern Sioux were being pushed west by settlers. In 1857 a treaty was signed in which the Mdewakanton relinquished their lands in exchange for reservations that were created along the Minnesota River. The reservation was to be shared by four tribes that consisted of six thousand people.
The Lower Sioux Agency included well-tended fields,
storage buildings, homes for government agents, and a boarding school. Stores were built by traders who settled in
the area. There were one hundred white
settlers living on agency land.
In 1855 the U.S. Government provided the tribes with
cash annuities. The Indians were
expected to settle on reservation land and in return they would be given food,
taught how to farm, and taught Christianity.
There were nine bands of the Mdewakanton tribe that settled on the Lower
Sioux Agency.
The Upper Sioux Agency was the home of the Sisseton
and Wahpeton tribes which were made up of four thousand Indians. The agency boasted new buildings, which even
included a hotel. There were also missionaries who served
the agency.
In 1862 there was a conflict in the spring over
debts that were owned to the traders who lived on the agency. The annuities promised to the tribes were
only given to those who had cut their hair and were living as farmers. The Civil War kept Congress from
appropriating the funds in time for springtime distribution. (Anderson, 8-12)
What happened at Acton on August 17, 1862?
Because of the lack of food available to the
tribe, hunting parties would leave the reservation. Young men went off to hunt in the Big Woods
in Wahpeton territory. On Sunday, August 17, four Indians were traveling
home to the Minnesota River via the Pembina-Henderson trail from a hunting trip
to the Kandiyohi County area. At noon
they approached the homestead of Robinson Jones in Acton Township,
approxiamately three miles southwest of Grove City. The Indians knew Jones and his wife, who ran
the general store. The Indians were
Brown Wing, Breaking Up, Kiilling Ghost, and Runs Against Something When
Crawling. They took some eggs near the
fence and a quarrel broke out between two of the Indians over whether they had
the right to take the eggs. The quarrel
escalated and one of the Indians dared another to shoot a white man. The Indians approached the home and demanded
liquor form Jones. Jones and his two
children were home, Clara D. Wilson, who was 15 year olds, and an eighteen
month old son. Mrs. Jones was visiting
another son, Howard Baker, who lived about a half mile northeast of the Jones farm. Jones left the store and went to the Baker
residence. The Indians challenged the
white men to a target shoot. Instead the
Indians shot the settlers, including Viranus Webster, who was a young settler
from Wisconsin. She was staying at the
Baker farm in a covered wagon when she was killed. Howard Baker, the son of Mrs. Jones form her
first marriage, was killed. Both Mr.
and Mrs. Jones were killed. Mrs. Webster
hid in a covered wagon. Mrs. Baker hid
with a child in the cellar. The Indians
went back to the Jones home and killed Clara Wilson. Word of the murders spread to Forest City
and a party of men went to the Jones’ home.
(Carley, 7-8)
How did the actions of four teenagers led to a war?
On the evening of August 17, the four Indians
returned to the Rice Creek Village. Red
Middle Voice, the head of the village, believed that there would be trouble for
the whole village. He knew that because white
women had been killed, soldiers would come. He feared that the village would lose their
annuity. They were already outsiders at
the Lower Sioux Agency. They had separated
from Shakopee because they were considered troublemakers. They had moved from the Upper Sioux Reservation to the
Lower Sioux. After the murder, Red Middle Voice moved his people back to
Shakopee’s village. Shakopee saw the incident as an opportunity to go to
war with the whites. He knew that he
would need support from those living at the Lower Sioux Reservation. He called for a council of chiefs at Little
Crow’s village. The Sioux leaders who
were summoned included Mankato, Wabasha, Traveling Hail, and Big Eagle. Little Crow lived in a house built by the U.S.
government. He told Shakopee to go to
Traveling Hail for support. He believed
that Shakopee’s warriors were influenced by whiskey. He did not want to start a war with the
whites because he did not feel that there was any way that they could win. However, he agreed to lead the Sioux in a war
that would drive white settlers from the Minnesota River Valley. He wanted to regain his position as speaker
for the Lower Sioux tribes. He also
welcomed the chance to be a military leader.
(Carley 10-11)
According to Big Eagle, the Uprising had many
causes. The Sioux were dissatisfied with
the actions of the whites. They were
forbidden to make war with their enemies.
They were being pressured into acculturation of a new and foreign
culture. The Sioux felt that the
traders were cheating them. They were
offered credit rather than access to government payments on their annuity. The creditors refused to allow late payments. The whites abused the Indians, especially the
women. They believed they were better
than Indians. Not only was their
conflict between whites and Indians, there was also conflict among the
Sioux. Some had adopted farming, while
others continued to pursue the traditional lifestyle. This conflict became apparent when Traveling
Hail was elected to fill Little Crow’s position as speaker for the tribe. Shakopee, the elder who was supportive of the
whites, died, and his voice of reason and compromise was lost. Indians were aware of the Civil War and the
absence of the white soldiers who left to fight. They believed that the North would lose the
war and their treaty would be void.
Another source of conflict was the new Indian agents who were assigned
to the Lower Sioux Agency. The tribe did not
like them; they were not respected as warriors.
The summer of 1862 produced a good crop which favored the farmers, but
did not help the tribe. All of these events stirred up a desire to push the white settlers off the land and return to the ways of the past. (Anderson, 24-25)
Dakota War of 1862: Minnesota's Other Civil War by Kenneth Carley, published by the Minnesota Historical Society in 2001.
Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862 by Gary Clayton Anderson, published by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1980.
